Matt Barter, 12-Analytics
A few weeks back, I wrote about the need to use data to inform problem identification when addressing public safety issues. Most problem-solving models start with this “problem scan” followed by a deep dive into that problem with rigorous analysis. It is this phase that truly informs the strategy to implement effective interventions for a problem. In our ongoing exploration of effective strategies in public safety, it is imperative to underscore the critical role that data-driven analysis plays in problem identification and strategy formulation.
At the heart of our approach are two influential models: the SARA model developed by Eck and Spelman, which stands for Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment, and Jerry Ratcliffe's PANDA Model, an acronym for Problem Scan, Analysis, Nomination of Strategy, Deployment of Strategy, and Assessment. Both frameworks emphasize a thorough analysis phase to identify the root causes of issues, helping to inform a strategy that guides effective response.
SARA Model | PANDA Model |
Scanning | Problem Scan |
Analysis | Analysis |
Response | Nomination of a Strategy |
Assessment | Deployment of Strategy |
Assessment |
A noteworthy aspect of the PANDA model is its detailed breakdown of the analysis phase through the VOLTAGE framework, which assesses various elements, including Victims, Offenders, Locations, Times, Attractors, Gangs/Groups, and Enhancers. This comprehensive examination ensures that all critical factors are considered, providing a nuanced understanding of the issues at hand.
VOLTAGE
Victims
Offenders
Locations
Times
Attractors
Gangs/Groups
Enhancers
In addition to the VOLTAGE framework, the analysis phase should integrate insights from previous initiatives. Understanding what has succeeded or failed in the past—and why—can significantly refine current strategies. For example, if prior analyses revealed that certain offender groups were resistant to specific interventions, revisiting these findings in the current context is crucial. This is where Ratcliffe's OIL RIG framework for assessment, which I will delve into in a future discussion, becomes invaluable.
The complexities involved in the analysis phase can be daunting. Analysts may feel overwhelmed by the scope and detail required, particularly under the looming pressure to develop actionable strategies. It is during these times that the step-by-step process offered by VOLTAGE can ensure key information is collected, analyzed, and reported.
For instance, in my work on gun violence reduction efforts, the VOLTAGE checklist served as an essential tool for a comprehensive evaluation of the problem within my community. Coupled with techniques like Social Network Analysis, it became clear that a significant proportion of both victims and offenders were part of identifiable networks heavily involved in gun crime. This led to a focused enforcement strategy on key groups, which achieved a 17% decrease in gunfire incidents and a 47% reduction in non-fatal shootings compared to a three-year average.
The value of experienced crime analysts to assist with this phase cannot be overstated. They bring depth, clarity, and precision to the strategic planning process. Leveraging their expertise not only enhances the quality of the analysis but also ensures that the strategies developed are grounded in solid empirical evidence.
For those tasked with crafting strategies for public safety issues, it is crucial to conduct comprehensive analyses and use these insights to inform your tactical approaches. Ignoring this foundational step can jeopardize the success of your initiatives. A methodologically sound analysis, such as one informed by the VOLTAGE framework, is instrumental in pinpointing the appropriate strategy and achieving measurable success.
The interplay between problem analysis and strategic action forms the cornerstone of effective public safety interventions. Fidelity to a problem-solving model can be incredibly effective, and organizations should always work to leverage this approach.
In future posts, we will discuss the intricacies of developing strategies and effectively implementing those strategies to improve public safety.
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Image:
OpenAI. (2024). A professional setting in a public safety office with a diverse team of crime analysts engaged in a strategic meeting [Digital image]. OpenAI's DALL-E.